Hydrostatic transaxle

ABSTRACT

A hydrostatic transaxle axle assembly for a vehicle such as a grass mowing lawn or garden tractor comprising a housing for an internally disposed hydrostatic transmission having a variable-displacement hydraulic pump fluidly connected to a fixed-displacement hydraulic motor, the hydraulic motor being connected by differential gearing to axle shafts supported in the housing. The housing is formed by three housing members, two of which are preferably separable on a parting plane coincident with the longitudinal axes of the axle shafts. One of the housing members being provided with an opening to allow a portion of one of the other housing members to extend through, and where the extending housing member contains within its interior a number of internal fluid passages for fluidly connecting the hydraulic pump to the hydraulic motor. This construction allows for improved cooling of the power transmitting fluid flowing between the pump and motor and simplifies manufacture of the transaxle such that the bulk or all the machining operations can be carried out in only one of the three housing elements, this housing member being the smallest of the three which can be completed using a comparatively smaller sized CNC machining-center than would otherwise be the case. The two remaining housing elements may be used in an as cast or supplied condition.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is a division of co-pending application Ser. No. 09/411,835, filed on Oct. 4, 1999, which is a division of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/112,363, filed on Jul. 9, 1998 which issued into U.S. Pat. No. 5,979,270, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of Provisional Application No. 60/051,990, filed on Jul. 9, 1997, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] This invention relates to hydrostatic transaxles, and more particularly, to a compact, fully integrated hydrostatic transaxle incorporating a hydrostatic transmission of the type employing an axial piston swash-plate pump and a hydraulic motor. Hydrostatic-transmissions in association with transaxle driving apparatus have proven to be very useful to-date and are used in numerous applications such as small vehicles like self-propelled grass-mowing lawn tractors.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Hydrostatically powered driven equipment such as lawn tractors have become extremely popular and many utilise the axial piston swash-plate configuration for both the pump and motor elements of the hydrostatic transmission. Such tractors generally have an internal combustion engine having a vertical crankshaft which is connected to the transaxle by means of a conventional belt and pulley arrangement. A standard hydrostatic transmission for such a transaxle includes a hydraulic pump, which is driven by an input shaft from the engine output by means of the belt and pulley arrangement, and a hydraulic motor, both pump and motor are mounted on a center section located inside the transaxle housing. Rotation of the pump by an input shaft creates axial motion of the pump pistons during periods when the pistons are operating against an inclined thrust or swash-plate. The fluid flow thus created by the reciprocating axial motion of the pistons is channelled via porting and passages in the center section to the hydraulic motor, with the effect that the incoming fluid causes the pistons of the motor to reciprocate and create a turning moment that causes rotation of the hydraulic motor. The hydraulic motor in turn has an output shaft which drives the vehicle's axles through speed-reducing gears and a mechanical differential. Examples of such hydrostatic transaxles are shown in the following patents: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,090,949; 5,473,964 and 5,501,640.

[0004] All three references use an axial piston swash-plate pump and motor respectively engaged to a center section which is located within a two-shell housing structure. The main purpose of the center section is to provide a fluid link between the pump and the motor and allowing the transmission of hydraulic power. Patents '964 and '640 in the names of Okada and Hauser respectively, teach the use of an input shaft driven pump where the swash-plate lies adjacent to the upper housing. This contrasts with the disclosure in patent '949 which teaches the use of bevel gears for connecting the input-shaft to the pump and-wherein this example of prior art, the swash-plate of the pump lies directly across both the upper and lower housings of the transaxle.

[0005] The center section shown in all three above references require numerous machining operations to prepare the initial raw casting to be ready for use. For instance: drilling some or all of the internal flow passages and arranging retaining means so-that plugs/valves- and such like can be subsequently fitted to close off the flow circuit; making good two of the faces which provide the fluid coupling means for the pump and motor, and when required, for the subsequent attachment of the valve-plates; preparation of mounting surfaces for attaching the center section to the housing structure. Furthermore, the upper transaxle housing aluminium diecasting itself requires a number of machining operations before it can be used such as the provision for the shaft bearing and seal as well as hole or holes and seals for the control lever and various associated linkages.

[0006] As a general rule, the more machining operations required in the upper transaxle housing casting as well as the more complex operations required in the center section casting, the greater the cost of manufacture of the complete hydrostatic transaxle. Therefore the reduction in the number of such machining operations and by grouping them into one rather than two components would save expense.

[0007] Although only shown in the '949 patent, almost all hydrostatic transaxles make use of a cooling fan mounted to the input drive shaft in an attempt to help prevent the internal components and fluid from overheating. However, the prior art teaches a center section which although attached in some manner to the interior of the housing, it is still essentially a separate entity from the transaxle housing. As a result, effective cooling of the fluid passing through the passages in the center section that connect the pump and motor together is hindered as the fluid surrounding the center section acts as a insulator to slow down the rate of heat transfer from the power transmission fluid in said passages to the surrounding housing radiator.

[0008] The amount of heat able to be radiated away from the transaxle housing exterior to the surrounding environment is of course greatly enhanced over that region on the boundary of the transaxle housing that lies directly in the path of the air flow from the cooling fan. However, it is apparent that although the fluid inside the housing nearest that region where the fan is operating is being cooled, fluid elsewhere may still remain at very high temperature. Perhaps more importantly, as the fluid circulating between the pump and motor in the fluid passages in the center section becomes extremely hot during operation, especially when the unit is heavily loaded and used in a high ambient temperature environment, the resulting drop of operating efficiency due to decreasing fluid viscosity and a corresponding increase in fluid leakage losses can be a concern with the prior art.

[0009] This problem exists because the attendant power losses associated with such close coupled pump and motor combinations produce a lot of unwanted heat due to the rapid fluid compression/decompression cycles and general friction between the sliding surfaces. Such losses causes the fluid circulating between the pump and motor through the center section to become extremely hot, and because the prior art teaches a transaxle housing structure whereby the internal fluid reservoir completely or almost completely surrounds and insulates the center section, these prior-solutions are not conducive to the promotion of most effective cooling for the circulating fluid in the centre section flowing in a closed-loop circuit between the pump and motor. This limitation occurs because the bulk of the heat accumulating in the center section can only be transferred by conduction to the surrounding hydraulic fluid and then through the fluid itself to reach the boundary walls of the housing surrounding the fluid chamber from where it can be radiated away to the surroundings. The remove of unwanted heat from the center section consequently takes time.

[0010] Therefore in these prior devices where the center section is effectively insulated by the surrounding hydraulic fluid, the delay in the transfer of unwanted heat out of the transaxle may on occasion result in the fluid of the hydrostatic transmission becoming overheated with the risk that the operational life of the fluid is shortened or that the lubricating properties of the fluid deteriorates to the extent that threatens the useful operational life of the hydrostatic transaxle.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0011] An object of the invention is to eliminate the need to use a conventional centre section in the hydrostatic transaxle product.

[0012] A further object of the invention is to provide a hydrostatic transaxle in which most or all the machining can be carried out in one housing member compared to the prior art where such operations need to be carried out in both the housing as well as the center section.

[0013] A still further object of the invention is the grouping of the fluid coupling surfaces for the pump and motor as well as the heat dissipating means on the exterior surfaces on a single housing component, including fluid passages arranged in its interior with bearings, seals, control shafts supported in machined pockets.

[0014] A further object of the invention is to improve the cooling of the operating fluid circulating between the pump and motor. With this invention, fan cooling of the housing very effective in lowering the temperature of the hydrostatic transmission fluid as it circulates in the closed-loop circuit between the pump and motor as much of the heat is conducted directly into the material of the housing in the area directly under the path of the air from the cooling fan.

[0015] What is needed in thee art is a compact hydrostatic transaxle for vertical input shaft installations where the amount of machining needed to be carried out is consigned to one rather than two or three main component members, preferable in a manner that would allow both the upper and the lower transaxle housing elements or shells for the hydrostatic transaxle to be used in an as cast or supplied state. What is further needed in the art is improved cooling for such devices allowing an extension in the operation duty cycle.

[0016] In one form thereof, the hydrostatic transaxle of the invention comprises an axle assembly with a housing having an internal chamber for an internally disposed hydrostatic transmission and forming an integral part of said hydrostatic transmission, said hydrostatic transmission comprising a variable-displacement hydraulic pump and a fixed-displacement hydraulic motor; axle shafts rotatably supported in said housing and differential gearing means supported by said housing drivingly connected between said hydraulic motor and said axle shafts; said housing comprising first, second and third housing members and where said first and second housing members are joined together on a first parting plane and where said second and third housing members are joined on a second parting plane and wherein said first housing member includes internal fluid passages arranged to fluidly connect said hydraulic pump to said hydraulic motor.

[0017] The above mentioned and other novel features and objects of the invention, and the manner of attaining them, may be performed in various ways and will now be described by way of examples with reference to the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0018]FIG. 1 is an external view from one side of the hydrostatic transaxle according to the invention.

[0019]FIG. 2 is a plan view of the hydrostatic transaxle of FIG. 1 along the section line I-I.

[0020]FIG. 3 is a sectioned view on line II-II of FIG. 2 showing the hydrostatic transmission.

[0021]FIG. 4 is a further sectioned view on line III-III of FIG. 2.

[0022]FIG. 5 is a view of an alternative housing construction for the hydrostatic transaxle of FIG. 1.

[0023]FIG. 6 is a part sectional view along line IV-IV of FIG. 5.

[0024]FIG. 7 depicts external control linkages for use with the alternative housing construction of FIG. 5.

[0025]FIG. 8 is a part sectional view along line V-V of FIG. 7.

[0026]FIG. 9 is a sectioned view taken at line VI-VI of FIG. 8.

[0027]FIG. 10 depict various forms of fluid valves for use in the alternative housing construction.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION

[0028] The first embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 to 4, the outer housing structure of the hydrostatic transaxle depicted by arrow 1 is partially defined by an upper transaxle housing element 2 and a lower transaxle housing element 3 which are joined together at a junction surface arranged preferably such that the parting-plane 5 is coincident with the output axle shafts 7, 8. Parting-plane can be called the second parting-plane in this invention. A liquid gasket seal is applied to the junction surface at the parting plane 5 prior to the two transaxle housings element 2, 3 being secured together by a plurality of bolts or screws 10. As shown in FIGS. 3 & 4, upper transaxle housing element 2 is arranged to have opening 12 through which housing member 13 passes and which is then secured in-place by a plurality of fastening screws 15. A seal ring or liquid gasket seal is applied to the junction surface 16 between housings members 2, 13 next to opening 12. Junction surface 16 can be called the first parting-plane in this invention. All three housing members 2, 3, 13 when attached together form the surrounding boundary for an internal chamber 17. Within internal chamber 17, internal elements of the hydrostatic transaxle are located therein such as the hydraulic pump, hydraulic motor, speed reducing gears and mechanical differential. Although internal chamber 17 may be divided into separate chambers for purposes of segregating the hydrostatic transmission from the mechanical gearing (and when required a mechanical differential), the embodiment here illustrates the use of a common chamber 17 for all such components.

[0029] Housing member 13 may preferably be cast as one-piece in either aluminium allow or iron/steel. If the piece is cast as a pressure diecasting, many features can be detailed with sufficient accuracy such that many secondary machining operations can be thus avoided.

[0030] As a portion of housing member 13 containing within it the fluid passages connecting the pump and motor is exposed to the outer environment, porosity in the casting could led to fluid leakage. However, the possibility of such fluid seepage through the material of the housing member in the present invention can be easily overcome in at least one way, for instance, through the impregnating of that portion of the housing member that would protrude through the opening in the upper housing member of the transaxle with a resin that prevents leakage occurring.

[0031] Housing member 13 contains within its structure fluid passages 20, 21, 22, 23 that connect together the respective fluid coupling surfaces otherwise known as valve-faces, between the pump and motor. Fluid passages 20, 21, 22, 23 may be cored in the housing casting 13 or machined. Plugs 25 are used to blank off the ends of passages 20, 21. Although in practice it has been known to cast valve faces in aluminium alloy to provide a running surface for a cylinder-barrel, most common practise these days is to mount separate valve-plates on which respective cylinder-barrels can run against. Most often, such separate valve-plates are surface hardened so that the sealing surfaces may operate for many thousands of hours without suffering from undue wear that would result in a loss in volumetric efficiency of the hydrostatic unit. In this respect, the faces shown as 28, 29 on the housing member 13 may be cast with countersunk register shown as 30, 31 respectively, into which respective valve plates 33, 34 are located. However, the invention would permit the valve faces to be detailed and formed directly on the surface of the subsidiary housing 13 if desired.

[0032] Check-valves are included in both respective pairs of passages 20, 22 and 21, 23 to allow the admittance of makeup fluid in order that the hydrostatic transmissions can recover any fluid loss during operation because of leakage. In the present invention, the check-valves shown as 37 have been placed near the lowest position in the downwardly extending portion shown as 40 of the housing member 13 such that balls 42 of the check-valves 37 can fall onto their respective seats 44 by the influence of gravity when not activated by suction pressure. Although not shown, the linkage connecting the swash-plate of the pump to the externally protruding control-lever of the hydrostatic transaxle may be arranged so that when the pump is at or near neutral, the linkage can act in a manner to off seat the balls, thereby proving the hydrostatic transmission with a more positive neutral point.

[0033] The respective cylinder-barrels 60, 61 of the hydrostatic-transmission pump and motor are mounted perpendicular to one another such that the rotating axis of the pump cylinder-barrel 60 is vertical and arranged parallel and coaxial with respect to the input-drive shaft 62 whereas the rotating axis of the motor cylinder-barrel 61 is parallel with respect to the rotating axis of the axle-shafts 7, 8. The input drive shaft 62 is supported by a bearing 63 in the housing element 13 and a seal 64 is used to prevent fluid in the internal chamber 17 from escaping. Shaft 62 extends downwards and is provided with a spline 65 which connects with the pump cylinder-barrel 60. Shaft 62 extends further and passes through the center of the swash-plate 70 to be further supported by means of a bearing 72 in lower housing member 3.

[0034] Bearing 72 is supported in blind hole 71 which ideally may be sized by the die-caster thereby eliminating any need to machine lower housing member by the transaxle builder although in practice. Alternatively, hole 71 could be cast as a through hole and in this case, an extra seal would then be needed. Bearing 72 may be of the self-aligning type in which case a plain journal bearing may be added to the design positioned, this bearing being positioned just adjacent to valve-plate 33 to act between bearings 63, 72 for providing additional support for drive-shaft 62.

[0035] To overcome any misalignment between the bearing 63 in housing member 13 and bearing 72 in the lower housing member 3, it is proposed that during assembly of the hydrostatic transaxle, housing member 13 is only loosely attached by screws 15 until all the components have been assembled in place. Then once input shaft 62 is located into bearing 72, this essentially controls the true position of the housing 13 relative to housing members 2, 3 as the bearing 63 supported input shaft 62 is thereby in correct alignment with bearings 72. At that time, screws 15 can be tightened so that housing elements 2, 13 are thereby locked together.

[0036] The cylinder-barrel 60 of the pump is provided with a plurality of axial cylinder-bores 75, each bore 75 containing a respective piston 76 and where each piston 76 is being axially urged outwards by a spring. (not shown) located behind the piston 76 in the bore 75. The outer end of the piston 76 is generally domed-shaped to be operatively connected to an adjacent operating surface 80 of swash-plate 70 by the bias produced by springs. The action of the springs behind each of the pistons 76 produces a counter reaction which loads the cylinder-barrel 60 against the operating surface 81 of the adjacent valve-plate 33. Each cylinder-bore 75 has a port 77 so arranged to communicate in sequence with a pair of arcuate-shaped ports (although not visible they are identical to those arcuate-shaped ports 98, 99 shown for the motor) provided on the valve-plate 33, and where such arcuate-shaped ports are in fluid connection with fluid passages 20, 21 in housing member 13.

[0037] Swash-plate 70 is so arranged for the pump that its inclination angle can be varied in both directions from its neutral or zero-inclination point. The swash-plate 70 is seated on a part-cylindrical bearing 88 provided in the interior of the lower housing member 3, and connected by linkages (not shown) to a control-shaft 90 which protrudes from housing member 2 as shown in FIG. 1. Rotary movement of the control-shaft 90 causes the swash-plate 70 to incline in angle in respect of the stroking axis of the pistons 76, and thereby the stroke of the pistons 76 is changed. The amount of piston 76 stroke determines the amount of fluid is placed in the cylinder-bore 75 per each single rotation of the cylinder-barrel 60, and hence the swept volume of the pump can be changed by altering the amount of piston stroke so that the amount of fluid delivered to the hydraulic motor is precisely controlled.

[0038] The cylinder-barrel 61 of the motor is almost in all respects identical to that of the pump, and carries a series of pistons 93 which are operatively connected to the operational surface 94 of thrust plate 95. Each piston 93 is housed in its respective cylinder-bore 96 provided within cylinder-barrel 61, and arranged so that each cylinder-bore 96 can communicate in sequence with respective arcuate-shaped ports shown as 98, 99 provided in the valve-plate 34 by means of its respective port 97. Fluid passages 23, 23 in the housing member 13 are arranged to be in fluid connection with respective arcuate shaped ports 98, 99 in the valve-plate 34 of the motor by means of respective linking ducts 91, 92. Although not shown, a spring is positioned within each of the cylinder-bores 96 to engage with its respective piston.

[0039] In the case of the motor, the thrust-plate 95 is depicted in its most often used position which is permanently inclined with respect of the axis of pistons 93. The thrust-plate 95 is supported on a insert 100 that is held to the housing member 2, 3 either by fastening mens such as screws or preferably by being pinched tight between adjacent walls as shown 101, 102 in housing member 2, 3. Because the inclination angle of the thrust-plate 95 always remains at an angle during the operation of the device, the piston 93 stroke in the motor remain constant. As the fluid received from the pistons 76 of the pump can be changed by the action of using control-shaft 90, the rotation of the motor can be in either direction. The cylinder-barrel 61 is mechanically engaged by spline 105 to shaft 106 and thus rotation of the cylinder-barrel 61 causes rotation of shaft 106. As fluid enters the motor from the arcuate shaped ports 98, 99 in the valve-plate 34, the fluid entering the cylinders of the pistons 93 causes the pistons 93 to move axially outwards and because the reaction on the thrust-plate 95 to the piston movement is not co-axial with the longitudinal axis of the pistons 93, an angular driving moment is created on the cylinder-barrel 61 which is caused to revolve. Therefore rotation of the cylinder-barrel 61 and shaft 106 is transmitted through the speed reducing gears to the differential and axle output shafts 7, 8 of the hydrostatic transaxle 1 which in the case of a vehicle application such as lawn tractor, are attached the drive wheels of the vehicle.

[0040] Shaft 106 is supported by bearings 110, 111, bearing 110 being located in the downwards extending portion 40 of subsidiary housing member 13, whereas bearing 111 is located in a pocket 112 arranged between housing member 2, 3. The shaft 106 may protrude from the transaxle so that a conventional disc parking brake can be attached. A seal 114 is also provided to surround the shaft 106 in order to prevents fluid seeping out of the internal chamber 17.

[0041] A gear 120 fixed to shaft 106 is in mesh with gear 123 which is fixed to intermediary-shaft 125. Intermediary shaft 125 is supported by bearings 127, 128 in similar manner to that described for the shaft 106. Gear 130 fixed to intermediary-shaft 125 is in mesh with the ring-gear 131 of the differential-assembly.

[0042] The ring-gear 131 of the differential-assembly has bevel gears shown as 132, 133, 134, 135 so that power can be transmitted from the differential-assembly to the axle-shafts 7, 8 of the transaxle 1 as known to those skilled in the art. The inclusion of a differential assembly is important as it allows normal differentiation between the left and right drive wheels of the vehicle and helps prevent lawn damage especially when tight turns are undertaken. However, there are applications where no such differentialled action is required, and in these instances, a single axle shaft may be used instead of the two as shown in this embodiment. In the case of a single axle shaft, this shaft can be arranged to extend outwardly on one or both sides form the housing.

[0043] By means of appropriate selection or adjustment of the inclination of the swash-plate 70 of the pump by means of the control-shaft 90 and the intermediary linkage, the hydrostatic transmission ratio is altered. Rotation of the input-shaft 62 causes cylinder-barrel 60 to rotate and results in reciprocation of pistons 76. Fluid is then delivered from passages 20, 22 or 21, 23 (depending on which direction of low occurs from the pump) in the housing member 13 and enters the cylinder-barrel 61 of the motor and causes the pistons 93 to reciprocate in their respective bores by way of their angle of attack against the inclined thrust-plate 95. A side force is created by the pistons 93 on the wall of each bore in those bores subjected to pressurised fluid, causing rotation of the motor cylinder-barrel 61 about its longitudinal or central axis for rotation. The cylinder-barrel 61 in turn rotates shaft 106 and mechanical power is transmitted through gears 10, 123, 130 to the ring gear 131 of the differential. Bevel gearing of the differential then determines the respective speeds of the axle output shafts 7, 8 that drive the wheels of the vehicle.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE SECOND EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION

[0044] As the second embodiment differs in only one main respect from the first embodiment, description is only necessary to show the main points of differences. As the internal components are identical to those described for the first embodiment, for convenience, most that are here numbered will carry the same reference numeral as for the first embodiment.

[0045] Essentially as shown in FIGS. 5 to 9, the housing member 200 containing within the pairs of fluid passages 201, 203 and 202, 204 that are used in linking the pump to the motor, is attached to an exterior junction surface (first parting-plane) shown as 210 provided on the upper surface of housing member. 212. Housing element 212 is provided with an opening 215 which acts as the register for housing member 200 and where fastening screws 217 are used to secure housing members 200, 212 together. Housing member 212 combine with the lower transaxle housing member 213 to form an internal chamber 220.

[0046] Housing member 200 is provided with a face surface 221 for the valve-plate of the pump, and on the downwards extending portion 205 is provided with face surface 222 for the valve-plate 34 of the motor. Check-valves show as 225 are included for each passages 203, 204 respectively, and plugs 226, 227 as shown in FIG. 9, are used to close the ends of passages 201, 202. Plugs 226, 227 do not need to be threaded in passages 201, 202 as they are prevented from being expelled because of adjacent wall formed by the opening 215 in housing member 212.

[0047] This embodiment also contrasts with the first embodiment in that substantially more cooling fins shown as 233 can be included on the top surface 234 of housing member 200, thereby providing more efficient and effective cooling of the fluid passing through passage 201, 202, 203, 204 between the pump and motor.

[0048] Although the present invention will still allow some of the heat to be transferred out from the transaxle by conduction through the hydraulic fluid medium to the outer housing in a similar manner as used in the prior art devices, the total cooling effect is enhanced because the most important area to be cooled, namely the fluid path between pump and motor, is directly adjacent that portion in the housing on which the cooling fan is most effective. Consequently, the hydrostatic transaxle can be operated for longer periods at rated loads with less risk of overheating the power transmission fluid.

[0049] A control-shaft 251 is journalled at 252 in the housing member 200. Having the control shaft located in the housing member containing the internal fluid passages can also be performed in the first embodiment of the invention if so desired.

[0050] Rotary vent valve 260 shown in FIGS. 7 to 10 may be used to provided a “wider band neutral” effect for the hydrostatic transmission, and as well as if desired, a “freewheel” or fluid dumping effect. Essentially, the valve 260 is supported in bore 261 in housing member 200 and is provided with a fluid short-circuit shown as small passage 263 which, when the swash-plate of the pump is near its zero inclination angle, passage can connect with two passages shown as 265, 266 in housing member 200 which are in communication with fluid passages 201, 203 and 202, 204 respectively. As shown, any fluid released by the pump when the swash-plate has a small inclination angle can divert through passage 263 rather than flow to the hydraulic motor where it would act in causing the motor assembly to rotate. FIG. 7 shows how valve 260 can be linked to control-shaft 251 by means of linkages 270, 271, 272 so that the movement in position of passage 263 occurs as control-shaft 251 is moved by the operator of the vehicle. By varying in the span or arm length of the linkages, it is possible to obtain varying characteristics from the “wider band neutral” to suit each particular application. Valve 260 is shown as the left-hand illustration in FIG. 10 and shows hidden passage 269 which is perpendicular to passage 263. Disconnection of linkage 270 with valve 260 would allow the valve 260 to be rotated through ninety degrees to provide a large flow short-circuit between passages 265, 266 as hidden passage 269 becomes a short-circuit for the fluid. Valve 280 shows a modification whereby grooves 281, 282 are provided for “O” ring type seals that surround passage 263. Valve 290 illustrates a further modification where the valve can be axially lifted so that passage 263 is no-longer in connection with passages 265, 266 in housing member 200, so that in the lifted position, slot 291 is open to passages 265, 266 to short-circuit fluid into internal chamber 220. Thus the degree of flow restriction caused by fluid having to pass through the restricted passage 263 is overrided, and the vehicle can be easy pushed without having to first start the engine. A further advantage of having the vent valve in the housing element is that adjustments to the operating condition of the hydrostatic transaxle can be made without disassembly of the entire unit.

[0051] Although not shown or described in either of the embodiments of the invention, a further modification falling within the scope of the present invention would be to rearrange lower housing member shown as 3 in the area about the swash-plate 70 and bearing 72 so that a fourth housing member could be used. The fourth housing member would be provided with a hole for bearing 72 and a part-cylindrical support-surface for the swash-plate 70. The fourth housing member could be attached and secured to the inside interior wall of housing element 3 or alternatively, be attached to the outside of housing element 3 on a mounting face and arranged that part of it extends through an opening provided the housing member 3. In this manner, the housing member containing the fluid passages can further be attached to the fourth housing element by means of stays or studs which are arranged to pass through the top exterior to the bottom exterior which would stiffen the complete housing structure of the hydrostatic transaxle.

[0052] Perhaps for certain applications, there may be advantage in substituting the fixed-displacement axial piston swash-plate hydraulic motor with that of another type. For instance, a fixed-displacement external geared hydraulic motor could be used instead and where the gears of the motor in this instance would be journalled in bores provided in the same housing member containing the fluid passages linking the pump to the motor.

[0053] A charge and/or power take-off auxiliary pump, preferably of the gerotor internal gear type may also be disposed in the same housing member that contains the fluid passages linking the pump to the motor of the hydrostatic transmission. The gerotor pump being driven by the input drive shaft and having fluid passages and valves arranged in the same housing member to suit the needs of the application. A further advantages in this arrangement would allow the pressure setting of the gerotor pump to be adjusted easily as the pressure relief-valve would have an external adjustment; the fan cooling effect of the present invention would help keep the fluid delivered by the gerotor pump to be kept as cool as possible; all the external connections can be arranged to be near the top of the transaxle thereby minimising the changes of being damaged.

[0054] In accordance with the patent statutes, we have described the principles of construction and operation of our invention, and while we have endeavoured to set forth the best embodiments thereof, we desire to have it understood that obvious changes may be made within the scope of the following claims without departing from the spirit of our invention. 

We claim:
 1. An integrated hydrostatic transaxle comprising: a housing; a hydrostatic transmission disposed within said housing and comprising a variable-displacement axial piston pump and a fixed-displacement axial piston motor, said pump and said motor hydraulically interconnected together, said pump having a rotary pump cylinder barrel defining an array of pump cylinders and a pump piston disposed in each of said pump cylinders, said pump pistons protruding from said pump cylinders and bearing against an adjacent swash plate, said pump pistons having stroking axes parallel to the rotational axis of said rotary pump cylinder barrel, said motor having a rotary motor cylinder barrel defining an array of motor cylinders and a motor piston disposed in each of said motor cylinders, said motor pistons protruding from said motor cylinders and bearing against an adjacent inclined thrust plate, said motor pistons having stroking axes parallel to the rotational axis of said rotary motor cylinder barrel; an input drive shaft having a vertical axis of rotation disposed in a first vertical plane in said housing, said input drive shaft rotatably supported in said housing and protruding outwardly of said housing to be driven by a power input source, said input drive shaft extending inwardly of said housing to engage said rotary pump cylinder barrel via a spline connection for rotation at equal speed therewith; a one-piece casting at least partially disposed in said housing and surrounded from below by said housing; a pump fluid coupling surface disposed in a first horizontal plane inside said housing and formed or mounted on said one-piece casting, said pump fluid coupling surface being spaced from underlying interior surfaces of said housing; a motor output shaft having a horizontal axis of rotation disposed in a second horizontal plane in said housing, said motor output shaft engaging said rotary motor cylinder barrel via a spline connection for rotation at equal speed therewith; a motor fluid coupling surface disposed in a second vertical plane inside said housing and formed or mounted on said one-piece casting, said one-piece casting having a bore receiving said motor output shaft and an outer shoulder portion surrounding said bore, said outer shoulder portion supported by an interior surface of said housing in at least one location radially adjacent said bore and where said at least one location lies above said second horizontal plane, and said rotary pump cylinder barrel and said rotary motor cylinder barrel rotatably mounted on said pump fluid coupling surface and said motor fluid coupling surface, respectively; a mechanical differential disposed in said housing; reduction gearing disposed in said housing drivingly connecting said motor output shaft with said mechanical differential; axle shafts rotatably supported in said housing and extending outwardly from said housing, said mechanical differential being drivingly connected between said reduction gearing and said axle shafts.
 2. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 1 wherein said swash plate is inclinable relative to the longitudinal axis of said input drive shaft; and further comprising a manually operated control shaft rotatably supported in said housing for altering the inclination angle of said swash plate, said control shaft having an external portion protruding outside said housing connected to a control linkage arm and an internal portion protruding inside of said housing, wherein rotational movement of said control shaft produces a change in said inclination angle of said swash plate, and wherein the elevation of at least said external portion is entirely above the elevation of said shoulder portion.
 3. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 2 wherein said external portion is disposed along a vertical axis lying parallel to and offset from said vertical axis of rotation of said input drive shaft.
 4. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 2 wherein said first horizontal plane resides parallel to and not coincident with said second horizontal plane and wherein said first horizontal plane is situated nearer said power input source than said second horizontal plane.
 5. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 2 wherein said stroking axes of said motor pistons reside below the elevation of said external portion.
 6. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 5, and further comprising a bearing disposed in said bore, wherein said bearing provides additonal support for said motor output shaft, and said bearing lying nearer said motor fluid coupling surface than to said thrust plate.
 7. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 6 wherein said outer shoulder portion delimits an inner fluid reservoir surrounding said motor from an inner fluid reservoir surrounding said pump.
 8. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 2 wherein said first horizontal plane resides parallel to and not coincident with said second horizontal plane and wherein said first horizontal plane is situated nearer said external portion than said second horizontal plane.
 9. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 8, and further comprising a pair of internal fluid passages disposed in said one-piece casting at an elevation below that elevation of said at least one location; and further comprising a first pair of arcuate-shaped ports positioned on said pump fluid coupling surface and a matching second pair of arcuate-shaped ports on said motor fluid coupling surface, respective pairs of arcuate-shaped ports hydraulically interconnected together by said internal fluid passages; and further comprising a pair of check valve assemblies supported by said one-piece casting and where each check valve assembly is in fluid communication with a respective internal fluid passage, said check valve assemblies residing below the longitudinal axis of said bore and positioned to be in spaced separation from underlying interior surfaces of said housing.
 10. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 9 wherein a gap formed between said one-piece casting in the general vicinity of said check valve assemblies and said underlying interior surfaces holds fluid and where said check valve assemblies include an unpressuirzed entry passage which can open in response to a pressure differential for delivery of make-up fluid to enter one of said internal fluid passages.
 11. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 10 wherein the respective rotational axes of said input drive shaft and said motor drive shaft intersect each other at an elevation lying inbetween said pump fluid coupling surface on the one hand and the elevation of said check valve assemblies on the other hand.
 12. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 11 wherein said at least one location lies above said second pair of arcuate-ports.
 13. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 11 wherein said at least one location lies above said first horizontal plane.
 14. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 11 wherein said first horizontal plane resides parallel to and not coincident with said second horizontal plane and wherein said second horizontal plane is situated nearer said underlying interior surfaces than said first horizontal plane.
 15. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 10 wherein the respective rotational axes of said input drive shaft and said motor drive shaft intersect each other at an elevation lying inbetween said external portion of said control shaft on the one hand and the elevation of said check valve assemblies on the other hand.
 16. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according ccording to claim 10 wherein the respective axes of said input drive shaft and said motor output shaft intersect with each other below said first horizontal plane.
 17. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 10 wherein the respective first and second vertical planes are offset by an amount greater than equal to the radial radius of the pump cylinder barrel.
 18. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to cliam 10 wherein respective first and second vertical planes do not intersect each other.
 19. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 10 wherein said outer shoulder portion delimits an inner fluid reservoir surrounding said motor from an inner fluid reservoir surrounding said pump.
 20. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 10 wherein the respective first and second horizontal planes are offset by an amount less than equal to the radial radius of the motor cylinder barrel.
 21. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 20 wherein said at least one location lies above said radial radius of motor cylinder barrel.
 22. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 10 wherein the motor piston stroking axes lie below the plane of said pump fluid coupling surface, and where said motor cylinder barrel can be said to reside between said at least one location on the one hand and said thrust plate on the other hand.
 23. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 22 wherein each of said axle shafts is supported in said housing by a pair of axle support locations, one of said pair of axle support locations being disposed adjacent said mechanical differential and the other one of said pair of axle support locations being positioned closer to where the respective axle shaft protrudes out from said housing, and wherein said outer shoulder portion lies nearer said differential than to where said respective axle shaft protrudes out from said housing.
 24. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 23 wherein said axle support locations lie at an elevation in said housing above the elevation of said check valves.
 25. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 24 wherein said axle shafts are of dissimilar length, the longer axle shaft being disposed in said housing nearer to said shoulder portion than the shorter axle shaft and wherein the second vertical plane intersects the longer of the two said axle shafts.
 26. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 25 wherein the respective rotational axes of said input drive shaft and said motor drive shaft intersect each other at an elevation lying inbetween said pump fluid coupling surface on the one hand and the elevation of said check valve assemblies on the other hand.
 27. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 24 wherein said axle shafts are of dissimilar length, the longer axle shaft being disposed in said housing nearer to said shoulder portion than the shorter axle shaft and wherein both first and second vertical planes intersect the longer of the two said axle shafts.
 28. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 27 wherein the respective rotational axes of said input drive shaft and said motor drive shaft intersect each other at an elevation lying inbetween said external portion of said control shaft on the one hand and the elevation of said check valve assemblies on the other hand.
 29. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 1, and further comprising a pair of internal fluid passages disposed in said one-piece casting at an elevation below that elevation of said at least one location; and further comprising a first pair of arcuate-shaped ports positioned on said pump fluid coupling surface and a matching second pair of arcuate-shaped ports on said motor fluid coupling surface, respective pairs of arcuate-shaped ports hydraulically interconnected together by said internal fluid passages; and further comprising a pair of check valve assemblies supported by said one-piece casting and where each check valve assembly is in fluid communication with a respective internal fluid passage, said check valve assemblies residing below the longitudinal axis of said bore and positioned to be in spaced separation from underlying interior surfaces of said housing.
 30. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 29 wherein a gap formed between said one-piece casting in the general vicinity of said check valve assemblies and said underlying interior surfaces holds fluid and where said check valve assemblies include an unpressuirzed entry passage which can open in response to a pressure differential for delivery of make-up fluid to enter one of said internal fluid passages.
 31. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 30 wherein the respective rotational axes of said input drive shaft and said motor drive shaft intersect each other at an elevation lying inbetween said pump fluid coupling surface on the one hand and the elevation of said check valve assemblies on the other hand.
 32. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 31 wherein the motor piston stroking axes lie below the plane of said pump fluid coupling surface, and where said motor cylinder barrel can be said to reside between said at least one location on the one hand and said thrust plate on the other hand.
 33. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 1 wherein said at least one location is uniplanar and horizontally disposed with respect to said horizontal axis of said motor ouput shaft.
 34. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 1 wherein said at least said one-piece casting includes an integral spigot portion and where said spigot portion resides exteriorly of said housing.
 35. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 1 wherein said one piece casting is a further housing element.
 36. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 1 wherein said swash plate is disposed in said housing at an elevation below the horizontal axis of said motor ouput shaft, and wherein the respective elevations of said rotary pump cylinder barrel and said fluid coupling surface is such that said rotary pump cylinder barrel is nearer to said bore.
 37. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 1 wherein said housing includes at least two housing elements joined together along a horizontal parting plane coincident with the longitudinal axis of said axle shafts, and wherein said housing further comprises an internal bulkhead wall separating said hydrostatic transmission components from said differential and reduction gearing components.
 38. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 1 wherein said shoulder portion is in direct engaging contact with said interior surface.
 39. An integrated hydrostatic transaxle comprising: a housing; a hydrostatic transmission disposed within said housing and comprising a variable-displacement axial piston pump and a fixed-displacement axial piston motor, said pump and said motor hydraulically interconnected together, said pump having a rotary pump cylinder barrel defining an array of pump cylinders and a pump piston disposed in each of said pump cylinders, said pump pistons protruding from said pump cylinders and bearing against an adjacent swash plate, said pump pistons having stroking axes parallel to the rotational axis of said rotary pump cylinder barrel, said motor having a rotary motor cylinder barrel defining an array of motor cylinders and a motor piston disposed in each of said motor cylinders, said motor pistons protruding from said motor cylinders and bearing against an adjacent inclined thrust plate, said motor pistons having stroking axes parallel to the rotational axis of said rotary motor cylinder barrel; an input drive shaft having a vertical axis of rotation disposed in a first vertical plane in said housing, said input drive shaft rotatably supported in said housing and protruding outwardly of said housing to be driven by a power input source, said input drive shaft extending inwardly of said housing to engage said rotary pump cylinder barrel via a spline connection for rotation at equal speed therewith; a one-piece casting at least partially disposed in said housing and surrounded from below by said housing; a pump fluid coupling surface disposed in a first horizontal plane inside said housing and formed or mounted on said one-piece casting, said pump fluid coupling surface being spaced from underlying interior surfaces of said housing; a motor output shaft having a horizontal axis of rotation disposed in a second horizontal plane in said housing, said motor output shaft engaging said rotary motor cylinder barrel via a spline connection for rotation at equal speed therewith; a motor fluid coupling surface disposed in a second vertical plane inside said housing and formed or mounted on said one-piece casting, said one-piece casting having a bore receiving said motor output shaft and an outer shoulder portion surrounding said bore, said outer shoulder portion supported by an interior surface of said housing in at least one location radially adjacent said bore and said rotary pump cylinder barrel and said rotary motor cylinder barrel rotatably mounted on said pump fluid coupling surface and said motor fluid coupling surface, respectively; a pair of internal fluid passages disposed in said one-piece casting; a first pair of arcuate-shaped ports positioned on said pump fluid coupling surface and a matching second pair of arcuate-shaped ports on said motor fluid coupling surface, respective pairs of arcuate-shaped ports hydraulically interconnected together by said internal fluid passages; a pair of check valve assemblies supported by said one-piece casting and where each check valve assembly is in fluid communication with a respective internal fluid passage; a mechanical differential disposed in said housing; reduction gearing disposed in said housing drivingly connecting said motor output shaft with said mechanical differential; axle shafts rotatably supported in said housing and extending outwardly from said housing, said mechanical differential being drivingly connected between said reduction gearing and said axle shafts.
 40. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 39 wherein the respective rotational axes of said input drive shaft and said motor drive shaft intersect each other at an elevation lying inbetween said pump fluid coupling surface on the one hand and the elevation of said check valve assemblies on the other hand.
 41. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 40 wherein said check valve assemblies are in spaced separation from underlying interior surfaces of said housing, and where said check valve assemblies include an unpressuirzed entry passage which can open in response to a pressure differential for delivery of make-up fluid to enter one of said internal fluid passages.
 42. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 41 wherein said swash plate is inclinable relative to the longitudinal axis of said input drive shaft; and further comprising a manually operated control shaft rotatably supported in said housing for altering the inclination angle of said swash plate, said control shaft having an external portion protruding outside said housing connected to a control linkage arm and an internal portion protruding inside of said housing, wherein rotational movement of said control shaft produces a change in said inclination angle of said swash plate, and wherein the elevation of at least said external portion is entirely above the elevation of said shoulder portion.
 43. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 42 wherein said first horizontal plane resides parallel to and not coincident with said second horizontal plane and wherein said second horizontal plane is situated nearer said underlying interior surfaces than said first horizontal plane.
 44. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 43 wherein the motor piston stroking axes lie below the plane of said pump fluid coupling surface, and where said motor cylinder barrel can be said to reside between said at least one location on the one hand and said thrust plate on the other hand.
 45. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 39 wherein the motor piston stroking axes lie below the plane of said pump fluid coupling surface, and where said motor cylinder barrel can be said to reside between said at least one location on the one hand and said thrust plate on the other hand.
 46. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 39 wherein said at least one location is uniplanar and horizontally disposed with respect to said horizontal axis of said motor output shaft.
 47. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 39 wherein said at least said one-piece casting includes an integral spigot portion and where said spigot portion resides exteriorly of said housing.
 48. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 39 wherein said one piece casting is a further housing element.
 49. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 39 wherein said swash plate is disposed in said housing at an elevation below the horizontal axis of said motor ouput shaft, and wherein the respective elevations of said rotary pump cylinder barrel and said fluid coupling surface is such that said rotary pump cylinder barrel is nearer to said bore.
 50. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 39 wherein said housing includes at least two housing elements joined together along a horizontal parting plane coincident with the longitudinal axis of said axle shafts, and wherein said housing further comprises an internal bulkhead wall separating said hydrostatic transmission components from said differential and reduction gearing components.
 51. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 39 wherein said shoulder portion is in direct engaging contact with said interior surface.
 52. The integrated hydrostatic transaxle according to claim 1 wherein said shoulder portion is in direct engaging contact with said interior surface. 